Causal Agent:
Several protozoan species in the genus Entamoeba infect humans, but not all of them are associated with disease.  Entamoeba histolytica is well recognized as a pathogenic ameba, associated with intestinal and extraintestinal infections.  The other species are important because they may be confused with E. histolytica in diagnostic investigations.

Life Cycle:

Cysts are passed in feces .  Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of mature cysts in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands.  Excystation occurs in the small intestine and trophozoites are released, which migrate to the large intestine.  The trophozoites multiply by binary fission and produce cysts , which are passed in the feces .  Because of the protection conferred by their walls, the cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment and are responsible for transmission.  (Trophozoites can also be passed in diarrheal stools, but are rapidly destroyed once outside the body, and if ingested would not survive exposure to the gastric environment.)  In many cases, the trophozoites remain confined to the intestinal lumen (: noninvasive infection) of individuals who are asymptomatic carriers, passing cysts in their stool.  In some patients the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa (: intestinal disease), or, through the bloodstream, extraintestinal sites such as the liver, brain, and lungs (: extraintestinal disease), with resultant pathologic manifestations.  It has been established that the invasive and noninvasive forms represent two separate species, respectively E. histolytica and E. dispar, however not all persons infected with E. histolytica will have invasive disease.  These two species are morphologically indistinguishable.  Transmission can also occur through fecal exposure during sexual contact (in which case not only cysts but also trophozoites could prove infective).

Geographic Distribution:
Worldwide, with higher incidence of amebiasis in developing countries.  In industrialized countries, risk groups include male homosexuals, travelers and recent immigrants, and institutionalized populations.